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Overview

In voice communications, traffic volume is regulated using the Call Admission Control (CAC) feature. CAC prevents over subscription of a managed network by monitoring packets entering the network in the call setup phase. CAC averts voice traffic congestion by ensuring that there is enough bandwidth for authorized flows.

The IP peer-based Call Admission Control (CAC) feature provides operators the ability to reject calls if the bandwidth usage from a given IP peer reaches the configured maximum allowed bandwidth limit (2 Mbps). CAC session call limits and emergency oversubscription controls may be applied both globally and separately (against ingress and egress traffic).

Dynamic peers are created with the registrations. The lifespan of dynamic peers are associated with their registration period. As soon as registration expires dynamic peers are deleted from the peer table. Similar to static peers, dynamic peers are also restricted to work under ceiling limit of bandwidth.

The 

The 

• The individual Ingress or Egress call limit cannot exceed the Global call limit. For example, if the Global call limit = 100, Ingress or Egress call limit MUST be less than 100.
• The sum of Ingress and Egress call limit can exceed the Global call limit. For example, if Global call limit = 100, Ingress call limit + Egress call limit can be greater than 100 (70+80).

Zone CAC

Zone CAC applies call, media bandwidth, and registration controls to a set of peers in a zone. Since a zone typically correlates to a single customer, this is equivalent to applying controls to that customer.
A Zone can be viewed as representing a customer. The 

Before admitting a call or, placing a call from/to a peer, both CAC associated with that trunk group and CAC associated Zone are applied. A call from/to a trunk group is not admitted or placed (outbound) if CAC fails at either trunk group or zone level. The default behavior of the CAC at Zone level is to admit/emit all the calls (and SIP registrations).

A Zone maintains a set of counters/statistics for keeping track of number of active calls, SIP registrations, total bandwidth usage for ingress and egress side.
Zone CAC achieves call control by managing allowed "call limit" and "call rate".

Call Limit

Zone CAC is configurable to control the number of simultaneous calls globally as well as separately (ingress and egress). A normal call within this zone will only be completed if the current active call count for the zone is less than the configured call limit. Zone CAC also updates the status and performance statistics parameters.

Zone CAC can be configured to provide an emergencyOversubscription percentage globally to give priority treatment to emergency calls. This percentage represents allowed emergency calls beyond the configured call limit. When the call limit is reached, normal calls are rejected but emergency calls are accepted up to an expanded limit. When the emergencyOversubscription percentage is set to zero it effectively prevents emergency calls from having priority over normal calls.

Similar processing applies for media bandwidth controls. A normal call is completed if the remaining bandwidth equals or exceeds the expected bandwidth for the call (based on the highest bandwidth codec in the signaling). However, an emergency call will be allowed up to an expanded limit based on the configured limit plus the emergencyOversubscription percentage.

The extendedEmergencyIpLimit feature allows an additional configurable number of emergency calls in case the call limit quota and emergency oversubscription factor quota are exhausted. See CAC Provisioning - SIP CAC Profile, SIP Trunk Group - CAC (EMA) or Zone - CAC - CLI for CAC configuration details.

Call Rate Control

Zone CAC controls the call rate by using Token bucket policers. These policers monitor inbound and outbound call rates from/to peers within a zone.

If the emergencyOversubscription percentage is non-zero, then emergency calls are given preference over normal calls when restricting call rates. For example, if the allowed rate is 10 cps, and the 

Registration Control

The Registration control policer addresses the fact that the

This Registration Limit CAC feature also permits provisioning an estimated number of implicit (child) registrations per explicit registrations that may be needed. The actual number of implicit registrations is set based on the number of P-Associated-URIs in the 200 response to the Register message.

Zone CAC controls the number of simultaneous registrations from peers in the zone. A registration is processed only if the current active registration count for the zone is less than the configured limit.

Zone CAC achieves registration control by managing the allowed "registration rate" and "registration limit".Zone CAC controls the number of initial SIP REGISTER simultaneously admitted from/to peers in a zone by maintaining a configurable initial registration count. A REGISTER request is not permitted if the value of this counter is zero.

Zone CAC also updates the status and performance statistics parameters.

Initial REGISTER Rate

Zone CAC controls the new registration rate by using Token bucket policers. These policers monitor inbound registration rates from peers within a zone.

Media Bandwidth Control

Media Bandwidth Control involves applying call control against maximum interface(s) bandwidth or a configurable bandwidth parameter based on the codec that the call selects.

SIP Trunk Group CAC

Trunk group CAC applies call, media bandwidth, message rate limiting and registration controls at the trunk group level. This is a finer level of granularity than a zone since a zone may contain many trunk groups. For example, Trunk Group CAC may be used to apply different controls to different peers belonging to the same customer.

Trunk group CAC controls the number of simultaneous calls globally, as well as separately (ingress and egress) for a subset of peers within a zone. A normal call within a trunk group is only completed if the current active call count for the trunk group is less than the configured call limit.

Trunk Group CAC provides an emergencyOversubscription percentage to give priority treatment to emergency calls at global level, as well as in inbound and outbound directions. This percentage is an additional amount beyond the configured call limit. When the call limit is reached, no additional normal calls are admitted. However, an emergency call is accepted up to the expanded limit.

When the emergencyOversubscription percentage is set to zero it effectively prevents emergency calls from taking priority over normal calls. Call limits are for total calls (both ingress calls and egress calls apply against this total limit).

Similar processing applies for media bandwidth controls. A normal call is only completed if the remaining bandwidth equals or exceeds the expected bandwidth for the call (based on the highest bandwidth codec in the signaling). However, an emergency call is allowed up to the expanded limit based on the base configured limit and the emergencyOversubscription percentage. Trunk group CAC controls the number of simultaneous calls (both ingress and egress) for a subset of peers within a zone. A normal call within a trunk group is only completed if the current active call count for the trunk group is less than the configured call limit.

Call Limit

Trunk group CAC controls the number of simultaneous calls (both ingress and egress). A normal call within this trunk group will only be completed if the current active call count for the zone is less than the configured call limit.

Trunk group CAC provides an emergencyOversubscription percentage to give priority treatment to emergency calls. This percentage is an additional amount beyond the configured call limit. When the call limit is reached, no additional normal calls are admitted. However, an emergency call is accepted up to an expanded limit.

When the emergencyOversubscription percentage is set to zero it effectively prevents emergency calls from having priority over normal calls. Call limits are for total calls (that is both ingress calls and egress calls apply against this total limit).

Similar processing applies for media bandwidth controls. A normal call will only be completed if the remaining bandwidth equals or exceeds the expected bandwidth for the call (based on the highest bandwidth codec in the signaling). However, an emergency call is allowed up to the expanded limit based on the base configured limit and the emergency oversubscription percentage.

The extendedEmergencyIpLimit feature allows an additional configurable number of emergency calls in case the call limit quota and emergency oversubscription factor quota are exhausted. See the following pages for EMA and CLI command details:

Call Rate Control

Trunk group CAC controls the call rate by using Token bucket policers which monitor inbound and outbound call rates from/to peers within a trunk group.

If the emergency oversubscription percentage is non-zero, then emergency calls are given preference over normal calls when restricting call rates. For example, if the allowed rate is 10 cps, and

the 

the 

Shared CAC Limits Pool

Support for SIP Trunk Group

The 

the 

The Shared CAC-Limits Pool contains capacity limits such as bandwidth, call limits and call rates. Trunk group hierarchy is defined by associating the Shared CAC-limits pool (parent) to another Shared CAC-limits pool (child) or Trunk Group (child). The hierarchy has a maximum of three levels: two levels of Shared CAC-limits pool and an IP trunk at the bottom. The hierarchy is built bottom up by assigning a parent trunk group to an existing trunk group or CAC-limits pool. Note that a parent trunk group object should exist before assigning a child to it.

Validation rules:

• There can only be one parent for any object.
• An IP trunk group can be assigned as child to any CAC-limits pool (parent).
• A CAC-limits pool can be assigned as a parent to any other CAC-limits pool that does not have a parent of its own.
• A CAC-limits pool cannot be assigned to a parent if it already has a CAC-limits pool child.
• The children of a particular CAC-limits pool can be either CAC-limits pools or IP trunks.

A shared CAC limits pool is not tied to a specific zone or address context. There may be up to 2,000 shared CAC limits pools on

the 

Figure 1 CAC-Limits Pool and Trunk Group Hierarchy

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Support for Gateway Trunk Group

The

If a Shared CAC Limits Pool is a child, it cannot be a parent of another Shared CAC Limits Pool. The hierarchy of parent-child relationships between Shared CAC Limits Pools and the IP Trunk Groups is limited to three levels.

Caption
0 Figure 1 Three Level Hierarchy - Parent-Child Relationships.
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If the IP Trunk Groups need resource, and their parent Shared CAC Limits Pool are unable to allocate it:

• If the parent Shared CAC Limits Pool has a parent, which is another Shared CAC Limits Pool (and is effectively the grandparent of IP Trunk Groups), then the request for resources is passed on to the grandparent. However, if the grandparent cannot allocate resources from its pool, then the request is rejected.

• If the parent Shared CAC Limits Pool does not have a parent, then the request for resources is rejected.

For example, the call limit for a Gateway Trunk Group is set to "L". From the figure Resource Allocation, if L is greater than (n - k), the Gateway Trunk Group is restricted to (n - k) calls only, and the difference (L - (n - k)) is a deficit. However, if the parent Shared CAC Limits Pool has a parent in the form of another Shared CAC Limits Pool (grandparent, with respect to Gateway Trunk Groups), then the resource allocation request is forwarded to the grandparent. The grandparent either allocates resources or rejects the request, depending on the availability of the resources.

SIP CAC Profile

This object creates and configures a CAC profile providing the ability for each SIP registered or static endpoint to have both global and separate (ingress and egress) call limits and emergency oversubscriptions. This is the highest level of granularity for CAC and applies to a specific SIP peer within a zone. This can be used, for example, to apply specific CAC controls to a particular IP PBX within a customer network.

The ability to limit call establishment for an individual endpoint is an important factor in helping to prevent voice-spam or abusive use of network resources. The 

Similarly as for trunk group CAC and zone CAC, SIP Endpoint CAC supports an emergency oversubscription percentage. If this percentage is non-zero, emergency calls are allowed when normal calls are not, and emergency calls take precedence over normal calls through the call rate policers.

The

The SIP CAC Profile also supports extendedEmergencyIpLimit feature which allows an additional configurable number of emergency calls in case the call limit quota and emergency oversubscription factor quota are exhausted. See SIP CAC Profile (EMA) or SIP CAC Profile - CLI for SIP CAC Profile CLI command details.

The 

• Call/INVITE (initial request)
• REGISTER (initial registration)
• SUBSCRIBE (initial request)
• OTHER (out-of-dialog request)
• NOTIFY (out-of-dialog request)
• MESSAGE (out-of-dialog request)
• OPTIONS (out-of-dialog request)
• REFER (initial request)
• RESPONSE

Priority Call Handling

As described in the previous sections, emergency calls are given priority over normal calls if the emergency oversubscription percentage is set to an non-zero value. In this scenario, emergency calls are completed when the active call limit reaches the configured limit up to the expanded limit specified. Additionally, when the emergency oversubscription percentage is non-zero, emergency calls experience policing priority over normal calls. When the applied call rate exceeds the configured limits, the emergency calls take precedence. For example, if the configured rate is 10 cps, and 10 cps of normal calls are applied along with 5 cps of emergency calls, the policer passes 5 cps of emergency calls and just 5 cps of normal calls.

This emergency call preference applies (when emergency oversubscription is non-zero) at the Zone level, Trunk Group level and SIP endpoint CAC level.

Call Gapping

Call gapping is only supported in the centralized PSX. Please see PSX documentation for details.

Active and Stable Sessions for a Configurable Time Interval

The 

The callCountCurrentStatistics and callCountIntervalStatistics are added to Global object to provide Current and Interval call statistics.

The callCountStatistics performance table provided the Current and Interval options.

The configuration flag, callCountTimeInterval, is added to Interval Statistics object in the same lines of existing interval configuration. The default value of this configuration is 15 minutes and the value ranges from 5 minutes to 60 minutes.

After an 

The EMS supports this metric such that the values are polled by the Insight Performance Reporting Engine and exported in .CSV format. The EMS support is inline with how other performance statistics are reported.