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There are VM operating parameters you can set to improve system throughput for a single or multiple VMs installed on a KVM host. Some VM operating parameters are set on the KVM host and are modified any time when the VM instance is running, while others are set on the VM and are only configured when the VM instance is shut down.

The following sections contain VM performance tuning recommendations to improve system performance. These performance recommendations are general guidelines and are not exhaustive. The following sections contain VM performance tuning recommendations to improve system performance. These performance recommendations are general guidelines and are not exhaustive. Refer to the documentation provided by your Linux OS and KVM host vendors. For example, Redhat provides extensive documentation on using virt-manager and optimizing VM performance. Refer to the Redhat Virtualization Tuning and Optimization Guide for details.

Recommended BIOS Settings

Recommended BIOS Settings

All server BIOS settings are different, but in general, the following guidelines apply:

CPU Frequency Setting on the Host

Check the current configuration of the CPU frequency setting using the following command on the host system.

# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor

The CPU frequency setting must be set to performance to improve VNF performance. Use the following command on the host system:

# echo "performance" | tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor

The cpu frequency setting determines the  operating clock speed of the processor and in turn the system performance. Red Hat offers a set of in-built tuning profiles and a tool called tuned-adm that helps in configuring the required tuning profile.

Ribbon recommends to apply throughput-performance tuning profile, which makes the processor to operate at maximum frequency.

• Find out the active tuning profile

# tuned-adm active

Current active profile: powersave

• Apply  throughput-performance tuning profile

# tuned-adm profile throughput-performance

This configuration is persistent across reboots and takes effect immediately. There is no need to reboot the host after configuring this tuning profile

.

Processor and CPU Details

To determine the host system's processor and CPU details, perform the following steps:

1. Execute the following command to determine how many vCPUs are assigned to host CPUs:

   Code Block
   lscpu -p

   The command provides the following output:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 CPU Architecture

   The first column lists the logical CPU number of a CPU as used by the Linux kernel. The second column lists the logical core number , this information can be used - use this information for vCPU pinning.

Persistent CPU Pinning

CPU pinning ensures that a VM only gets CPU time from a specific CPU or set of CPUs. Pinning is performed on each logical CPU of the guest VM against each core ID in the host system. The CPU pinning information will be is lost every time the VM instance is shutdown or restarted. To avoid entering the pinning information again, you must update the KVM configuration XML file on the host system.

 To  Use the following steps to update the pinning information in the KVM configuration XML file:

1. Shutdown the VM instance.

2. Enter the following command.

   Code Block
   language none
   virsh

   The command provides the following output:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 virsh Prompt

   
   

3. Enter the following command to edit the VM instance:

   Code Block
   language none
   virsh # edit <KVM_instance_name>

   
   

4. Search for the vcpu placement attribute.

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 vCPU Placement Attribute

   
   

5. Enter CPU pinning information as shown below:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 CPU Pinning Information

   
   

   Tip
   title Tip
   Ensure that no two VM instances have the same physical core affinity. For example, if VM1 has affinity of 0,1,2,3 assigned, then ensure no VM should be is pinned to 0,1,2,3,8,9,10 or 11 as these CPUs belong to the physical core assigned to VM1. Also, assign all other VM instances running on the same host must be assigned with affinity, ; otherwise the VMs without affinity might may impact the performance of VMs having that have affinity.

   
   

6. Enter the following command to save and exit the XML file.

   Code Block
   :wq

   
   

CPU Mode Configuration

To Use the following steps to edit the VM CPU mode:

1. Shutdown the VM instance.

2. Enter the following command.

   Code Block
   virsh

   The command provides the following output displays:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 virsh Prompt

   
   

3. Enter the following command to edit the VM instance:

   Code Block
   language none
   edit <KVM_instance_name>

   
   

4. Search for the cpu mode attribute.

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 cpu mode

   
   

5. Edit the cpu mode attribute with the following:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 Editing CPU Mode
   Image Modified

   
   

   Tip
   title Tip
   The Ensure the topology details entered must be same as are identical to the topology details that were set while creating the VM instance. For example, if the topology was set to 1 socket, 4 2 cores and 1 thread2 threads, enter the same must be entered details in this XML file.

   
   

6. Enter the following command to save and exit the XML file.

   Code Block
   :wq

   
   

7. Enter the following command to start the VM instance.

   Code Block
   language none
   start <KVM_instance_name>

   Enter the following command to verify the host CPU configuration on the VM instance:

   Code Block
   language none
   cat /proc/cpuinfo

   The command provides the following output.

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 Verifying CPU Configuration
   Image Removed

Increasing the Transmit Queue Length for virt-io Interfaces

This section is applicable only for virt-io based interfaces. 

By default, the transmit queue length is set to 500. To increase the transmit queue length to 4096, use the following procedure:

1. Execute the following command to identify the available interfaces:

   Code Block
   language none
   virsh

   The virsh prompt is displayeddisplays.

2. Execute the following command.

   Code Block
   language none
   domiflist <VM_instance_name>

   The list of active interfaces is displayeddisplays.

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 Active Interfaces List

   
   

3. Execute the following command to increase the transmit queue lengths for the tap interfaces.

   Code Block
   language none
   ifconfig <interface_name> txqueuelen <length>

   where The interface_name is the name of the interface you want to change, and length is the new queue length. For example, ifconfig macvtap4 txqueuelen 4096.

4. Execute the following command to verify the value of the interface length.

   Code Block
   language none
   ifconfig <interface_name>

   The command provides the following output.

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 Interface Information

   
   

Kernel Same-page Metering (KSM) Settings

Kernel same-page metering (KSM) is a technology which finds common memory pages inside a Linux system and merges the pages to save memory resources. In the event of one of the copies being updated, a new copy is created so the function is transparent to the processes on the system. For hypervisors, KSM is highly beneficial when multiple guests are running with the same level of the operating system. However, there is overhead due to the scanning process which may cause the applications to run slower, which is not desirable. The SBC SWe requires that KSM is turned off.The sample commands below are for Ubuntu 4.4; use the syntax that corresponds to your operating system

Turn off KSM in the host.

Deactivate KSM by stopping the ksmtuned and the ksm services as shown below. This does not persist across reboots.

Code Block
# echosystemctl 0 >/sys/kernel/mm/ksm/runstop ksm # echosystemctl "stopksmtuned

Disable KSM persistently as shown below:

Code Block
KSM_ENABLED=0" > /etc/default/qemu-kvm # systemctl disable ksm # systemctl disable ksmtuned

Once KSM is turned off, it is important to verify that there is still sufficient memory on the hypervisor. When the pages are not merged, it may increase memory usage and lead to swapping that negatively impacts performance.

Host Pinning

Host Pinning

To avoid performance impact on VMs due to host-level Linux services, host pinning isolates physical cores where a guest VM is hosted from physical cores where the Linux host processes/services run. 

In this example, the core 0 (Core 0 In this example, the core 0 (Core 0 and core 36 are logical cores) and core 1 (Core 1 and core 37 are logical cores) are reserved for Linux host processes.

The CPUAffinity option in /etc/systemd/system.conf sets affinity to systemd by default, as well as for everything it launches, unless their .service file overrides the CPUAffinity setting with its own value. Configure the CPUAffinity option in /etc/systemd/system.conf.

Execute the following command:

lscpu
Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                72
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-71
Thread(s) per core:    2
Core(s) per socket:    18
Socket(s):             2
NUMA node(s):          2
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 79
Model name:            Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2697 v4 @ 2.30GHz
Stepping:              1
CPU MHz:               2699.984
BogoMIPS:              4604.99
Virtualization:        VT-x
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              256K
L3 cache:              46080K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66,68,70
NUMA node1 CPU(s):     1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,51,53,55,57,59,61,63,65,67,69,71

To dedicate the physical CPUs 0 and 1 for host processing, in the file /etc/systemd/system.conf, specify CPUAffinity as 0 1 36 37, as shown below. Restart the system.

CPUAffinity=0 1 36 37

Back

Up VMs with 1G hugepages

The number of hugepages is decided based on the total memory available on the host. 

1. Configure the huge page size as 1G and number of huge pages by appending the following line to the kernel command line options in /etc/default/grub. In the example below, the host  has a total of 256G memory, out of which 200G is configured as hugepages. 

   Code Block
   GRUB_TIMEOUT=5 GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)" GRUB_DEFAULT=saved GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console" GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200n8 crashkernel=auto intel_iommu=on iommu=pt default_hugepagesz=1GB hugepagesz=1G hugepages=200 rhgb quiet" GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"

   
   

2. Regenerate the GRUB2 configuration as shown below: 

   1. If your system uses BIOS firmware, execute the following command:

      Code Block
      # grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

      
      

   2. On a system with UEFI firmware, execute the following command: 

      Code Block
      # grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg

   Mount the HugeTLB filesystem on the host.

   Code Block
   mkdir -p /hugepages

   Add the following line in the /etc/fstab  file.

   Code Block
   hugetlbfs /hugepages hugetlbfs defaults 0 0

   Configure the number of 2M hugepages equal to the vRAM requirement for hosting a VM:

   Code Blockcat /etc/sysctl.conf# System default settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf. # To override those settings, enter new settings here, or in an /etc/sysctl.d/<name>.conf file # # For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5). vm.nr_hugepages = 25000 (assuming a 24G VM) vm.hugetlb_shm_group = 36

   1. 
      

3. Add lines in your instance XML file using virsh edit

   <instanceName>:

   <instanceName>. The example below is for a 32G instance: 

   Code Block

   <domain type='kvm' id<memory unit='3'> <name>RENGALIVM01</name> <uuid>f1bae5a2-d26e-4fc0-b472-3638743def9a</uuid> <memory KiB'>33554432</memory> <currentMemory unit='KiB'>25165824</memory> <currentMemory>33554432</currentMemory> <memoryBacking> <hugepages> <page size='1048576' unit='KiB'>25165824</currentMemory> <memoryBacking> <hugepages> <page size='2048' unit='KiB' nodeset='0'/> </hugepages> </memoryBacking>

   Tip
   title Tip
   The previous example pins the VM on NUMA node 0. For hosting a second VM on NUMA node 1, use nodeset = ‘1’.

4. Restart the host.

To verify, get the PID for the VM and execute the following command to check that VM memory is received from a single NUMA node:

Code Block
numastat -p <vmpid>

Disable Flow Control

1. ' nodeset='0'/> </hugepages> </memoryBacking>

   
   

   Tip
   The previous example pins the VM on NUMA node 0. For hosting a second VM on NUMA node 1, use nodeset = ‘1’.

   
   

2. Restart the host.

3. Obtain the PID of the VM from the following command:

   Code Block
   ps -eaf | grep qemu | grep -i <vm_name>

   
   

4. Execute the following command to verify VM memory is received from a single NUMA node:

   Code Block
   numastat -p  <vmpid>

   
   

Disable Flow Control

Use the following steps to disable flow control:

1. Log in to Log into the system as the root user.

2. Execute the following command to disable flow control for interfaces attached to the SWe VM.

   Code Block
   ethtool -A <interface name> rx off tx off autoneg off

   
   

   Tip
   title Tip
   Use the <interface name> from the actual configuration.

   Example:

   ethtool -A p4p3 rx off tx off autoneg off
ethtool -A p4p4 rx off tx off autoneg off
ethtool -A em3 rx off tx off autoneg off
ethtool -A em4 rx off tx off autoneg off

   Info

   title	Note:

   Refer to the RHEL site for information on how to make NIC ethtool settings persistent (applied automatically at boot).

Tuning Interrupt Requests (IRQs)

This section applies only to virt-io-based packet interfaces. Virt-IO networking works by sending interrupts on the host core. SBC VM performance can be impacted if frequent interrupt processing occurs on any core of the VM. To avoid this, the affinity of the IRQs for a virtio-based packet interface should be different from the cores assigned to the SBC VM.

The /proc/interrupts file lists the number of interrupts per CPU, per I/O device. IRQs have an associated "affinity" property, "smp_affinity," that defines which CPU cores are allowed to execute the interrupt service routine (ISR) for that IRQ. Refer to the distribution guidelines of the host OS for the exact steps to locate and specify the IRQ affinity settings for a device.

External Reference: https://access.redhat.com/solutions/2144921