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There are VM operating parameters you can set to improve system throughput for a single or multiple VMs installed on a KVM host. Some VM operating parameters are set on the KVM host and are modified any time when the VM instance is running, while others are set on the VM and are only configured when the VM instance is shut down.

The following sections contain VM performance tuning recommendations to improve system performance. These performance recommendations are general guidelines and are not exhaustive. Refer to the documentation provided by your Linux OS and KVM host vendors. For example, Redhat provides extensive documentation on using virt-manager and optimizing VM performance. Refer to the Redhat Virtualization Tuning and Optimization Guide.

Recommended BIOS Settings

Ribbon recommends applying the BIOS settings in the following table on all VMs for optimum performance:

All server BIOS settings are different, but in general, the following guidelines apply:

• Set power profiles to maximum performance
• Set thermal configurations to optimal cooling
• Disable HW prefetcher

# cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor

# echo "performance" | tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor

Processor and CPU Details

To determine the host system's processor and CPU details, perform the following steps:

1. Execute the following command to determine how many vCPUs are assigned to host CPUs:

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   lscpu -p

   The command provides the following output:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 CPU Architecture

   The first column lists the logical CPU number of a CPU as used by the Linux kernel. The second column lists the logical core number, this information can be used for vCPU pinning.

Persistent CPU Pinning

CPU pinning ensures that a VM only gets CPU time from a specific CPU or set of CPUs. Pinning is performed on each logical CPU of the guest VM against each core ID in the host system. The CPU pinning information will be lost every time the VM instance is shutdown or restarted. To avoid entering the pinning information again, you must update the KVM configuration XML file on the host system.

 To update the pinning information in the KVM configuration XML file:

1. Shutdown the VM instance.

2. Enter the following command.

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   language none
   virsh

   The command provides the following output:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 virsh Prompt

3. Enter the following command to edit the VM instance:

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   language none
   virsh # edit <KVM_instance_name>

4. Search for the vcpu placement attribute.

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   0 Figure 1 vCPU Placement Attribute

5. Enter CPU pinning information as shown below:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 CPU Pinning Information

   Tip
   title Tip
   Ensure that no two VM instances have the same physical core affinity. For example, if VM1 has affinity of 0,1,2,3 assigned, then no VM should be pinned to 0,1,2,3,8,9,10 or 11 as these CPUs belong to the physical core assigned to VM1. Also, all other VM instances running on the same host must be assigned with affinity, otherwise the VMs without affinity might impact the performance of VMs having affinity.

6. Enter the following command to save and exit the XML file.

   Code Block
   :wq

CPU Mode Configuration

Even if the Copy host CPU configuration was selected while creating a VM instance, the host configuration may not be copied on the VM instance. To resolve this issue, you must edit the CPU mode to host-passthrough using a virsh command in the host system.

To edit the VM CPU mode:

1. Shutdown the VM instance.

2. Enter the following command.

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   virsh

   The command provides the following output:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 virsh Prompt

3. Enter the following command to edit the VM instance:

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   language none
   edit <KVM_instance_name>

4. Search for the cpu mode attribute.

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 cpu mode

5. Edit the cpu mode attribute with the following:

   Caption
   0 Figure 1 Editing CPU Mode

   Tip
   title Tip
   The topology details entered must be same as the topology details that were set while creating the VM instance. For example, if the topology was set to 1 socket, 4 cores and 1 thread, the same must be entered in this XML file.

6. Enter the following command to save and exit the XML file.

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   :wq

7. Enter the following command to start the VM instance.

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   language none
   start <KVM_instance_name>

8. Enter the following command to verify the host CPU configuration on the VM instance:

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   cat /proc/cpuinfo

   The command provides the following output.

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   0 Figure 1 Verifying CPU Configuration

Increasing the Transmit Queue Length

By default, the transmit queue length is set to 500. To increase the transmit queue length to 4096:

1. Execute the following command to identify the available interfaces:

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   virsh

   The virsh prompt is displayed.

2. Execute the following command.

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   domiflist <VM_instance_name>

   The list of active interfaces is displayed.

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   0 Figure 1 Active Interfaces List

3. Execute the following command to increase the transmit queue lengths for the tap interfaces.

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   ifconfig <interface_name> txqueuelen <length>

   where interface_name is the name of the interface you want to change, and length is the new queue length. For example, ifconfig macvtap4 txqueuelen 4096.

4. Execute the following command to verify the value of the interface length.

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   ifconfig <interface_name>

   The command provides the following output.

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   0 Figure 1 Interface Information

Kernel Same-page Metering (KSM) Settings

Apply the following settings to all VMs installed on the host.

Kernel same-page metering (KSM) is a technology which finds common memory pages inside a Linux system and merges the pages to save memory resources. In the event of one of the copies being updated, a new copy is created so the function is transparent to the processes on the system. For hypervisors, KSM is highly beneficial when multiple guests are running with the same level of the operating system. However, there is overhead due to the scanning process which may cause the applications to run slower, which is not desirable. The SBC SWe requires that KSM is turned off.

The sample commands below are for Ubuntu 4.4; use the syntax that corresponds to your operating system.

# echo 0 >/sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run
# echo "KSM_ENABLED=0" > /etc/default/qemu-kvm

Once KSM is turned off, it is important to verify that there is still sufficient memory on the hypervisor. When the pages are not merged, it may increase memory usage and lead to swapping that negatively impacts performance.

Host Pinning

To avoid performance impact on VMs due to host-level Linux services, host pinning isolates physical cores where a guest VM is hosted from physical cores where the Linux host processes/services run. In this example, the core 0 (Core 0 and core 36 are logical cores) and core 1 (Core 1 and core 37 are logical cores) are reserved for Linux host processes.

The CPUAffinity option in /etc/systemd/system.conf sets affinity to systemd by default, as well as for everything it launches, unless their .service file overrides the CPUAffinity setting with its own value. Configure the CPUAffinity option in /etc/systemd/system.conf.

Execute the following command:

lscpu
Architecture:          x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                72
On-line CPU(s) list:   0-71
Thread(s) per core:    2
Core(s) per socket:    18
Socket(s):             2
NUMA node(s):          2
Vendor ID:             GenuineIntel
CPU family:            6
Model:                 79
Model name:            Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2697 v4 @ 2.30GHz
Stepping:              1
CPU MHz:               2699.984
BogoMIPS:              4604.99
Virtualization:        VT-x
L1d cache:             32K
L1i cache:             32K
L2 cache:              256K
L3 cache:              46080K
NUMA node0 CPU(s):     0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54,56,58,60,62,64,66,68,70
NUMA node1 CPU(s):     1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,51,53,55,57,59,61,63,65,67,69,71

To dedicate the physical CPUs 0 and 1 for host processing, in the file /etc/systemd/system.conf, specify CPUAffinity as 0 1 36 37, as shown below. Restart the system.

CPUAffinity=0 1 36 37

Back up VMs with hugepages

1. Mount the HugeTLB filesystem on the host.

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   mkdir -p /hugepages

2. Add the following line in the /etc/fstab  file.

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   hugetlbfs /hugepages hugetlbfs defaults 0 0

3. Configure the number of 2M hugepages equal to the vRAM requirement for hosting a VM:

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   cat /etc/sysctl.conf# System default settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf. # To override those settings, enter new settings here, or in an /etc/sysctl.d/<name>.conf file # # For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5). vm.nr_hugepages = 25000 (assuming a 24G VM) vm.hugetlb_shm_group = 36

4. Add lines in your instance XML file using virsh edit <instanceName>:

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   <domain type='kvm' id='3'> <name>RENGALIVM01</name> <uuid>f1bae5a2-d26e-4fc0-b472-3638743def9a</uuid> <memory unit='KiB'>25165824</memory> <currentMemory unit='KiB'>25165824</currentMemory> <memoryBacking> <hugepages> <page size='2048' unit='KiB' nodeset='0'/> </hugepages> </memoryBacking>

   Tip
   title Tip
   The previous example pins the VM on NUMA node 0. For hosting a second VM on NUMA node 1, use nodeset = ‘1’.

5. Restart the host.

6. To verify, get the PID for the VM and execute the following command to check that VM memory is received from a single NUMA node:

   Code Block
   numastat -p <vmpid>

Disable Flow Control

1. Log into the system as the root user.

2. Execute the following command to disable flow control for interfaces attached to the SWe VM.

   Code Block
   ethtool -A <interface name> rx off tx off autoneg off

   Tip
   title Tip
   Use the <interface name> from the actual configuration.

   Example:

   ethtool -A p4p3 rx off tx off autoneg off
ethtool -A p4p4 rx off tx off autoneg off
ethtool -A em3 rx off tx off autoneg off
ethtool -A em4 rx off tx off autoneg off

    

   Info
   title Note:
   Refer to the RHEL site for information on how to make NIC ethtool settings persistent (applied automatically at boot).