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A network topology of bridges typically contains redundant connections to provide alternate paths in case of link failures. Since there is no concept of time-to-live (TTL) in Ethernet frames, this could result in permanent circulation of frames if there are loops in the network. To prevent loops, a spanning tree connecting all the bridges is formed in real time. The standby/redundant ports are put in a discarding (non-forwarding) state. They are enabled when required.
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On initial startup, the all ports are members of the default MSTP instance, which is disabled by default.
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